2023-2024 Course Catalog

Please note: The information displayed here is current as of Wednesday, May 8, 2024, but the official Course Catalog should be used for all official planning.

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Classics

Associate professorR. McNeill (Ottilia Buerger Professor of Classical Studies, chair)
InstructorM. Wheelock-Johnson

Classics is dedicated to study of the literature, history, art, and thought of ancient Greece and Rome. As such it is an inherently interdisciplinary field, grounded in the critical reading of Greek and Latin texts but involving examination of all aspects of Greek and Roman civilization from multiple perspectives. The program of the Classics Department at Lawrence University emphasizes the study of Greek and Roman literature and history, supported by multidisciplinary engagement with topics drawn from a range of related academic fields, as a basis for the exploration of Greek and Roman culture, the Greco-Roman classical tradition, and the many interactions of the Greeks and Romans with other peoples of the ancient world in the Mediterranean region and beyond.


Required for the minor in Classical Studies

Required for the minor in Classical Studies: 6-9 courses depending on Latin ability, as determined by prior language study and/or placement exam. For further information about the placement exam, see below.

1. Completion of beginning and intermediate Latin language courses.

  • CLAS 100: Beginning Latin 1 (or equivalent)
  • CLAS 110: Beginning Latin 2 (or equivalent)
  • CLAS 220: Intermediate Latin (or equivalent)

2. At least one course (6 units) in Latin literature at the 300- or 400-level.

These are paired courses (300- and 400-level meeting jointly) with texts read in Latin. All have a prerequisite of CLAS 220 (or equivalent).

  • CLAS 301/401: Topics in Latin Literature
  • CLAS 302/402: Ovid
  • CLAS 303/403: Catullus and Horace
  • CLAS 304/404: Virgil
  • CLAS 306/406: The Roman Novel
  • CLAS 307/407: Cicero
  • CLAS 308/408: Roman Historians

3. At least three courses (18 units) in Greek and Roman history, culture, and civilization. At least one of these courses (6 units) must be taken at the 300-level or above.

Students may fulfill this requirement by choosing from the following list of courses. These are courses in which all texts are read in English translation.

  • CLAS 150: Survey of Greek History
  • CLAS 160: Survey of Roman History
  • CLAS 250: Classical Mythology
  • CLAS 260: Classical Literature in Translation
  • CLAS 280: Warfare in Classical Antiquity
  • CLAS 300: Periclean Athens
  • CLAS 305: Fall of the Roman Republic
  • CLAS 310: Augustan Rome
  • CLAS 363: Greek and Roman Drama in Translation
  • CLAS 370: Greek and Roman Epic in Translation
  • CLAS 421: Topics in Greek Literature

4. Two elective courses (12 units).

Students may fulfill this requirement by choosing two additional approved courses in Classics (CLAS) or related fields. At least one of these courses (6 units) must be taken at the 200-level or above.

Electives may be chosen from any of the following categories. Students are not limited to any one category in making their choices.

a. Courses in Latin literature.

For the list of eligible courses, see under requirement #2 above.

b. Courses in Greek and Roman history, culture, and civilization.

For the list of eligible courses, see under requirement #3 above.

c. Courses in related fields.

Students may also choose their electives from the following list of approved courses originating in other departments:

  • ARHI 135 (CLAS 135): Temples and Togas
  • ARHI 206: Mosques and Minotaurs
  • ARHI 215: Parchment, Power, and Play
  • ARHI 301: Topics in Ancient Art
  • ENG 527: History of the Book
  • GOVT 200: Politics and Human Nature
  • HIST 105: Cultures of the Silk Road
  • PHIL 200: History of Philosophy: Plato and Aristotle
  • RLST 290: Religion in Ancient Egypt
  • RLST 285 Hebrew Prophets
  • RLST 316: Greek and Arabic Philosophical Traditions
  • RLST 365: Mediterranean Cities

Latin placement exam

Students who have prior experience with Latin and who wish to begin taking Latin at Lawrence at the intermediate or advanced level should complete the online Latin placement exam via Canvas. Students may take the exam at any time, but should plan to do so well in advance of the term in which they expect to take their first Latin course. Students wishing to take this exam should contact the department chair.

The online Latin placement exam consists of parsing/form identifications, a short sight translation passage, and grammar questions about the passage.

The Classics Department will grade online Latin placement exams as they are received, and will notify students of their placement as quickly as possible. While each student’s language experience will be judged on a case-by-case basis, here are some general guidelines:

1-2 years of high school experience: start at the 100-level

2-3 years of high school experience: start at the 200-level

3-4 years of high school experience: start at the 300-level


foreign language competency general education requirement

Students may fulfill the university’s foreign language competency requirement by taking Latin at the intermediate level (CLAS 220) or any 300- or 400-level course in Latin literature. 

Any student who wishes to satisfy the foreign language competency requirement in Latin via examination must take the Latin placement exam in person under proctored conditions. Students must achieve a grade in the A-range (90% or above) on the proctored Latin placement exam in order to satisfy the foreign language requirement. The proctored Latin placement exam is offered annually during Week 1 of the Fall Term. Students who wish to take this exam must notify the department chair by no later than 5:00 p.m. on the Friday of Welcome Week.


The major in Classics

The major in Classics has been suspended. Beginning in the 2022-23 academic year, entering students may not declare a major in Classics. Students who previously declared a major in Classics may continue under the requirements listed in their course catalog of record (typically their matriculation year). Students who matriculated in the 2021-22 academic year or earlier may be able to declare and complete a major in Classics under its previous requirements; interested students should contact the department chair for further information.


Senior Experience in Classics

Note: The following information is intended for those students who are planning to complete their already declared major in Classics during the 2023-24 academic year, or who may be eligible to complete the major under its previous requirements (see above).

The Senior Experience in Classics consists of a self-designed project that enables each student to explore a topic of individual interest within the field. During the senior year, one term of independent study (6 units) is required to complete this project.

Classics majors must choose a topic and advisor for their Senior Experience project no later than the end of the Spring Term of the junior year. The due date for submission of the final version of the project will be determined in consultation with the advisor, but should normally be no later than the end of the Winter Term of the senior year.

The Senior Experience in Classics may be fulfilled in a variety of ways, in consultation with the department faculty. Scholarly, creative, pedagogical, and experiential projects are all viable options. Past Senior Experience projects have included: research papers on topics ranging from the interaction of speech and identity in Homer's Iliad to Hannibal's military strategy in Italy during the Second Punic War; choreographing and staging a mixed-media dance performance that incorporated the recitation of passages of Greek and Roman lyric poetry; designing a stage set and lighting for a production of Euripides' Medea; and using computer rendering software to create an explorable three-dimensional model of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassae in Greece. 

Students pursuing double majors, double degrees, and/or education certification are strongly encouraged to consult with their advisors and department chairs in planning their Senior Experience projects as early as possible, especially if they are interested in pursuing an interdisciplinary capstone that integrates their interests in both majors or combines student teaching with a project in their major


The minors in Greek and Latin

The minors in Greek and Latin are suspended. Students may not declare a minor in Greek or Latin during the 2023-24 academic year. Returning students who have already declared a minor in Latin, or who will meet the previous requirements for this minor by the end of the 2023-24 academic year, may complete the minor under the requirements listed in their course catalog of record (typically the catalog for their matriculation year).


International study

The undergraduate classics programs at the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome (ICCS-Rome), the American University of Rome (ISA Rome), and the College Year in Athens (CYA) are affiliated and approved options for study abroad in classics. Consult the department chair for more details.


Courses - Classics

CLAS 100: Beginning Latin 1

An introductory course emphasizing the basic forms and syntax of the Latin language.
Units: 6

CLAS 101: Introduction to Classics

An introduction to Greek and Roman civilization. Through lecture and discussion students will engage with ancient textual sources (in translation) on such topics as ancient politics, philosophy, military history, poetry, theatre, social history, oratory, and art history. Students will learn about the variety of methodologies and sources of evidence used by Classicists to understand the ancient world.
Units: 6

CLAS 110: Beginning Latin 2

A continuation from CLAS 100 with emphasis on the more advanced syntactic structures of the Latin language. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 100 or two years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 100 or two years of high school Latin

CLAS 120: Intensive Beginning Latin

An accelerated introductory course emphasizing the forms and basic syntax of Latin. Taken together, CLAS 120 and 220 provide students with the ability to read both classical and medieval Latin prose and poetry.
Units: 6

CLAS 125: Intensive Beginning Greek

An accelerated introductory course emphasizing the basic systematic structure of Greek. Taken together, CLAS 125 and 225 provide students with the ability to read both classical and Koine Greek.
Units: 6

CLAS 135: Temples and Togas: Arts of the Ancient World

This introductory class examines the art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, spanning from the Minoans on Crete to the Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum. Students will learn about the progression of styles, functions, and historical meanings of these objects as they are introduced to basic art historical methods.
Units: 6
Also listed as Art History 135

CLAS 191: Directed Study in Classics

Directed study follows a syllabus set primarily by the instructor to meet the needs or interests of an individual student or small group of students. The main goal of directed study is knowledge or skill acquisition, not research or creative work. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 220: Intensive Intermediate Latin

A continuation from CLAS 110 with emphasis on developing experience with reading and translating connected passages of Latin prose and poetry. Successful completion of CLAS 220 fulfills the foreign language general education requirement for the B.A. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 110 or three years of high school Latin.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 110 or three years of high school Latin.

CLAS 225: Intensive Intermediate Greek

A continuation of CLAS 125 with emphasis on developing experience with reading connected passages of literary discourse, including sections from a variety of texts and authors. Successful completion fulfills the language general education requirement for the B.A. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 125 or its equivalent
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 125 or its equivalent

CLAS 240: Survey of Greek History

A study of ancient Greek history from the Bronze Age to 146 B.C.E. Emphasis on the rise and fall of the Greek city-state as a political, societal, and cultural model. Readings include the historians Herodotus and Thucydides. All texts in English.
Units: 6
Also listed as History 231

CLAS 245: Survey of Roman History

A study of the history of Rome from its origins through the Republic and Empire to the reign of Constantine. Emphasis on political and cultural developments and the acquisition and maintenance of empire. Readings may include Livy, Tacitus, Suetonius, and the Historia Augusta. All texts in English.
Units: 6
Also listed as History 232

CLAS 250: Classical Mythology

A study of classical mythology through examination of the literary mythical narratives of Greece and Rome. We will consider the form, content, and themes of these stories in order to explore the cultural significance of myth and the various ways in which myths can be interpreted. All texts in English.
Units: 6

CLAS 260: Ancient Voices: Classical Literature in Translation

A study of specific texts selected from the corpus of Greek and Latin prose and poetry, read in English translation. Each iteration of the course will focus on a particular genre or theme in classical literature. Possible topics include: the ancient novel, death and the underworld, and Greek and Roman love poetry.
Units: 6

CLAS 280: Warfare in Classical Antiquity

A study of the practice of warfare in classical antiquity from Homeric Greece to the Roman Empire. Topics to be considered include: Homer's Iliad and the warrior ideal, the political implications of hoplite and trireme warfare, the Persian Wars, the Peloponnesian War, the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, and Caesar, the organization and tactics of the Roman legion, and Roman frontier policy. Emphasis on the close interaction of military, political, and cultural developments in Greek and Roman history. All texts in English.
Units: 6
Also listed as History 241

CLAS 300: Periclean Athens

A study of the history of Athens from the end of the Persian Wars to the execution of Socrates (479 to 399 B.C.E.). A wide range of material and topics will be considered: social and political developments, warfare, empire, diplomacy, intellectual and cultural life. Emphasis on the revolution in ideas and visions of humanity that defined the golden age of classical Greece. All texts in English. PREREQUISITES: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor
Units: 6
Also listed as History 235
Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor

CLAS 301: Topics in Latin Literature

Close reading and study of texts selected from the corpus of Latin literature. The course will focus on a different genre, author, or theme in Latin poetry or prose each year it is offered. Possible topics include Roman satire, Roman comedy and tragedy, love elegy, and epistolary writing. Meets concurrently with CLAS 401. Not open to students who have received credit for the current topic under CLAS 401 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 401. May be repeated when the topic is different.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin

CLAS 302: Ovid

Close reading and study of Ovid’s poetry in Latin, as represented by a book of the Metamorphoses or selections from the Amores and Ars Amatoria. Discussion will be supplemented with additional primary readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 402. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 402 or CLAS 410, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 402. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin.

CLAS 303: Catullus and Horace

Careful reading and concentrated study of selected poems by Catullus and Horace in Latin. Discussion will be supplemented with additional readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 403. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 403 or CLAS 425, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 403. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin

CLAS 304: Virgil

Close reading of extended selections from Virgil in Latin, primarily drawn from the Aeneid, supplemented with additional readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Emphasis on Virgil’s poetic technique as well as the political and cultural significance of his poetry. Meets concurrently with CLAS 404. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 404 or CLAS 440, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 404. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin

CLAS 305: The Fall of the Roman Republic

A study of the final decades of the Roman Republic from the sixth consulship of Marius to the assassination of Caesar (100 to 44 B.C.E.), focusing on political, social, and cultural changes during this tumultuous period. Topics include: Roman politics, social class and identity, and Republican art, literature, and thought. All texts in English. PREREQUISITES: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor
Units: 6
Also listed as History 242
Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor

CLAS 306: The Roman Novel

Close reading and study of selected passages in Latin from the Satyricon of Petronius and the Metamorphoses (also known as The Golden Ass) of Apuleius, the two surviving examples of the ancient Roman novel. Meets concurrently with CLAS 406. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 406 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 406. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin

CLAS 307: Cicero

Close reading of a selection from the works of Cicero in Latin, supplemented with additional readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Texts may include the Pro Caelio, the Pro Archia, and the Catilinarian Orations. Meets concurrently with CLAS 407. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 407 or CLAS 435, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 407. PREREQUISITES: Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin

CLAS 308: Roman Historians

A study of selections from several Roman historians in Latin, chosen to emphasize specific historical events and persons depicted on Roman coins from the university’s Ottilia Buerger Collection. Meets concurrently with CLAS 408. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 408 or CLAS 415, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 408. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 or three years of high school Latin

CLAS 310: Augustan Rome

An introduction to ancient Rome and Roman civilization, focusing on the Age of Augustus in all its aspects: art, literature, politics, empire, law, entertainment, and society. Emphasis on the political and cultural changes that took place during this revolutionary period. All texts in English. PREREQUISITES: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor
Units: 6
Also listed as History 240
Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor

CLAS 321: Topics in Greek Literature

In this course we will read excerpts from one or more authors in ancient Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional primary readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Possible topics include: the ancient novel, Greek lyric poetry, and the Homeric hymns. Meets concurrently with CLAS 421. Not open to students who have received credit for the current topic under CLAS 421 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 421. May be repeated when the topic is different.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek

CLAS 322: Homer

In this course we will read excerpts from the Iliad and/or the Odyssey in Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 422. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 455 or CLAS 422, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 422. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek.

CLAS 323: Greek Tragedy

In this course we will read excerpts from one tragedian (e.g. Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides) in ancient Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional tragic material in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 423. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 423 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 423. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Also listed as Theatre Arts 344
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek

CLAS 324: Greek Comedy

In this course we will read excerpts from one comedian (e.g. Aristophanes, Menander) in ancient Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional comic material in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 424. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 424 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 424. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek

CLAS 326: Plato

In this course we will read one Platonic dialogue (e.g., Symposium, Apology) in Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional Platonic material in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 426. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 460 or CLAS 426, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 326. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek

CLAS 327: The Attic Orators

In this course we will read excerpts from one of the fourth-century Athenian orators (e.g., Lysias, Aeschines, Demosthenes) in Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional material in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 427. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 485 or CLAS 427, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 427. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek

CLAS 328: Greek Historians

In this course we will read excerpts from one of the Greek historians (e.g., Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon) in Greek. Our discussion will be supplemented with additional primary readings in English translation and secondary scholarship. Meets concurrently with CLAS 428. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 480 or CLAS 428, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 428. PREREQUISITES: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 225 or three years of high school Greek

CLAS 340: Archaic and Classical Greek Art

A study of Greek art and architecture to the end of the fourth century B.C. Topics include the great sanctuaries at Olympia, Delphi, and Athens; the development of mythological narrative in sculpture and vase painting; the political and propagandistic function of Greek art; and the beginning of portraiture. PREREQUISITES: ARHI 100 or sophomore standing
Units: 6
Also listed as Art History 200
Prerequisite: ARHI 100 or sophomore standing

CLAS 345: From Alexander to Kleopatra: Art of the Hellenistic Age

A study of Greek and Greek-influenced art from the time of Alexander the Great to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 B.C. Topics include portraiture and the royal iconography of the Hellenistic rulers, the development of regional styles in sculpture, and the influence of the Romans as patrons. PREREQUISITES: ARHI 100 or sophomore standing
Units: 6
Also listed as Art History 202
Prerequisite: ARHI 100 or sophomore standing

CLAS 350: Roman Art

A study of the art and architecture of the Etruscans and the Romans to the end of the Roman empire. Topics include the funerary arts of the Etruscans, the art and archaeology of Pompeii and Herculaneum, developments in imperial portraiture and historical relief, technological innovations in architecture, and the beginnings of Christian art. PREREQUISITES: ARHI 100 or sophomore standing
Units: 6
Also listed as Art History 204
Prerequisite: ARHI 100 or sophomore standing

CLAS 363: Laughter and Pain: Greek and Roman Drama in Translation

In this course we analyze ancient plays both as great works of literature and as artifacts of a particular artistic, cultural, and political context. Students will read excerpts and complete plays in English from a variety of ancient authors, including (from Classical Athens) Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Menander, and (from late Republican and early Imperial Rome) Plautus, Terence, and Seneca. PREREQUISITES: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor
Units: 6
Also listed as Theatre Arts 363, English 263
Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor

CLAS 370: War and Humanity: Greek and Roman Epic in Translation

An examination of ancient epic literature through the study of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid, all read in English translation. Emphasis on the important features and themes of the epic genre, ancient conceptions of the hero, and the literary, cultural, and political resonance of these texts in classical antiquity. PREREQUISITES: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor
Units: 6
Also listed as English 265
Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or consent of instructor

CLAS 390: Tutorial Studies in Classics

Study of topics in Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, ancient philosophy, classical civilization, and/or linguistics, arranged and carried out in cooperation with an instructor. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 391: Directed Study in Classics

Directed study follows a syllabus set primarily by the instructor to meet the needs or interests of an individual student or small group of students. The main goal of directed study is knowledge or skill acquisition, not research or creative work. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 399: Independent Study in Classics

Independent research on topics in Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, ancient philosophy, classical civilization, and/or linguistics, arranged in consultation with the department. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 401: Topics in Latin Literature

Close reading and study of texts selected from the corpus of Latin literature. Meets concurrently with CLAS 301. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for the current topic under CLAS 301 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 301. May be repeated when the topic is different.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin

CLAS 402: Ovid

A study of Ovid’s poetry, as represented by selections from the Metamorphoses or the Amores and Ars Amatoria (in Latin). Meets concurrently with CLAS 302. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 302 or CLAS 410, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 302. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin

CLAS 403: Catullus and Horace

Careful reading and concentrated study of selected poems by Catullus and Horace (in Latin). Meets concurrently with CLAS 403. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 303 or CLAS 425, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 303. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin

CLAS 404: Virgil

Close reading and study of extended selections from Virgil (in Latin), primarily drawn from the Aeneid. Meets concurrently with CLAS 304. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 304 or CLAS 440, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 304. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin

CLAS 406: The Roman Novel

Close reading and study of selected passages in Latin from the Satyricon of Petronius and the Metamorphoses of Apuleius. Meets concurrently with CLAS 306. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 306 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 306. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin

CLAS 407: Cicero

Close reading and study of a selection from the works of Cicero (in Latin). Meets concurrently with CLAS 307. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 307 or CLAS 435, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 307. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin

CLAS 408: Roman Historians

A study of selections from several Roman historians (in Latin). Meets concurrently with CLAS 308. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be held to a higher standard of reading, translation, and performance in class and on exams, and will be assigned an additional research paper. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 308 or CLAS 415, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 308. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Latin or four years of high school Latin.

CLAS 421: Topics in Greek Literature

Close reading and study of excerpts from one or more authors in ancient Greek. Meets concurrently with CLAS 321. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for the current topic under CLAS 321 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 321. May be repeated when the topic is different.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek.

CLAS 422: Homer

Close reading and study of excerpts from the Iliad and/or the Odyssey in Greek. Meets concurrently with CLAS 322. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 455 or CLAS 322, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 322. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek.

CLAS 423: Greek Tragedy

In this course we will read excerpts from one tragedian in ancient Greek. Meets concurrently with CLAS 323. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 323 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 323. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek

CLAS 424: Greek Comedy

In this course we will read excerpts from one comedian in ancient Greek. Meets concurrently with CLAS 324. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 324 or who need to receive credit for CLAS 324. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek

CLAS 426: Plato

Close reading and study of one Platonic dialogue (e.g., Symposium, Apology) in Greek. Meets concurrently with CLAS 326. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 460 or CLAS 326, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 326. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek.

CLAS 427: The Attic Orators

In this course we will read excerpts from one of the fourth-century Athenian orators (e.g., Lysias, Aeschines, Demosthenes) in Greek. Meets concurrently with CLAS 327. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 485 or CLAS 327, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 327. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek

CLAS 428: Greek Historians

Close reading and study of one of the Greek historians (e.g., Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon). Meets concurrently with CLAS 328. Students taking this course at the 400-level will be assigned a research paper and will be held to a higher standard in the assessment of their contributions to class translation and discussion and their performance on exams. Not open to students who have received credit for CLAS 480 or CLAS 328, or who need to receive credit for CLAS 328. PREREQUISITES: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek
Units: 6
Prerequisite: One 300-level course in Greek or four years of high school Greek

CLAS 540: Topics in Ancient Art

An examination of a particular topic in ancient art history. Students are expected to carry out independent research. The topic will change periodically. Course may be repeated when the topic is different.
Units: 6
Also listed as Art History 400
Prerequisite: One 200- or 300-level course in art history, one course in classics, or consent of the instructor.

CLAS 545: Advanced Topics in Classics

This course examines specific issues in classical scholarship, ranging from longstanding questions of analysis and interpretation to contemporary topics of research and debate. Students will develop their familiarity with the methods of classical scholarship as they undertake independent work culminating in a research paper or book reveiw. Recommended for majors and students considering graduate study in classics.
Units: 6
Prerequisite: CLAS 220 and 225 or consent of instructor.

CLAS 590: Tutorial Studies in Classics

Advanced study of topics in Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, ancient philosophy, classical civilization, and/or linguistics, arranged and carried out in cooperation with an instructor. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 591: Directed Study in Classics

Directed study follows a syllabus set primarily by the instructor to meet the needs or interests of an individual student or small group of students. The main goal of directed study is knowledge or skill acquisition, not research or creative work. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 599: Independent Study in Classics

Advanced independent research on topics in Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, ancient philosophy, classical civilization, and/or linguistics, arranged in consultation with the department. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 690: Tutorial Studies in Classics

Advanced study of topics in Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, ancient philosophy, classical civilization, and/or linguistics, arranged and carried out in cooperation with an instructor. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 691: Directed Study in Classics

Directed study follows a syllabus set primarily by the instructor to meet the needs or interests of an individual student or small group of students. The main goal of directed study is knowledge or skill acquisition, not research or creative work. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.

CLAS 699: Independent Study in Classics

Advanced independent research on topics in Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, ancient philosophy, classical civilization, and/or linguistics, arranged in consultation with the department. PREREQUISITES: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.
Units: 1 TO 98
Prerequisite: To register student must complete the Student Initiated Course Form with consultation of supervising instructor.