Utagawa Hiroshige

Torii Gate of Atsuta Shrine at Miya Station

Torii Gate of Atsuta Shrine at Miya Station

Born in 1797 in the Yayosu Riverbank section of Edo, he was orphaned at the age of twelve.  Replacing his father as the fire warden, he also soon took up an apprenticeship with woodblock print maker, Utagawa Toyohiro (an outstanding disciple of the Utagawa School).  Toyohiro was known for his elegant and refined portraits of beautiful women.  Although he started with book illustrations, Hiroshige eventually progressed to nishiki-e, single sheet multicolored prints of actors, warriors and beautiful women.  He created illustrations for a book of comic poetry and for illustrated story pamphlets.

In 1823 Hiroshige, at the age of 26, resigned from his position as the fire warden, handing it over to his son Nakajiro.  Around the 1830’s Hiroshige first started to work in the genre of landscape prints.  His series of ten prints, “Famous Pace of the Eastern Capital” which he created about this time was the first of many successful ventures series.  Heavily influenced by Hokusai, he copied the series idea from the artists’ popular “Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji” (see Hokusai).

Hiroshige joined an official procession to Kyoto traveling over the Tokaido highway in 1832.  The Tokaido or Eastern Sea Road, was the main route between Edo and Kyoto.  From this trip Hiroshige created “Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido”, a series of prints depict the way-stations along the Tokaido.  In these images the viewer travels through a variety of local scenes observing local customs and dress.  Each print depicts the landscape, the road and the people who interact with these.  Although figures are almost always in these prints, they do not appear to be the most important feature.  Their presence assists in the understanding of the landscape by giving a sense of scale and location but do not detract from the focus of the elements of nature.

This series “Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido”, gained much of its popularity because of the publication of the novel Going by Shank’s Mare along the Tokaido (Tokaidochu hizakurige) by Jippensha Ikku.  Published in 1802, this novel was widely ready by the commoner class and made the trip between Edo and Kyoto one of the most popular ventures leading to a tourist industry of sorts to build up around it.  Due to the success of such a series, Hiroshige then produced “Sixty-nine Stages of the Kisokaido,” “Famous Places of Kyoto,” “Eight Famous Views of Omi Province,” and “Illustrated Famous Places of Naniwa [Osaka].”

He was known for creating a large number of prints, over eight thousand, which helped to popularize the genre of landscape.  He was a dedicated and low-paid employee, never breaking contracts with publishers or missing a deadline.  With an easygoing disposition, and a steady and methodical work ethic, Hiroshige became one of the most popular ukiyo-e artists only after his death in 1858.  His work continues to be loved for the use of restrained form and color harmony and quiet, unassuming humility toward nature.

Below are the images from the following sets
that are in the collection of Lawrence University:

Ogura Nazotae Hyakunin Isshu

The Courtesan Yagegiri of Oginoya Brothel and a Portrait of the Preist Jakureri - 1846

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The Courtesan Yagegiri of Oginoya Brothel and a Portrait of the Preist Jakureri - 1846

Jakuren was a poet and a Buddhist monk was instrumental in compiling the Shinkokinshu (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Waka), around 1205 – 1206, which included thirty-five of his own works. The poem card at the top of this image depicts an image of the poet and his poem which was number eighty-seven in the well-known Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (One Hundred Poems by 100 Artists), a collection of tanka (five line poems of 31 syllables, arranged as 5, 7, 5, 7, 7).

Poem Card

Most famous for his series of views along the Tokaido and of Edo and its surrounds, Hiroshige was also a prolific artist with a variety of subject matters. This sheet of three poem cards would have been cut into three separate prints.

Three Unserved Tanzaku

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Three Unserved Tanzaku
 
Right: Girl Playing with a Battledore in the New Year
Center: A Court Lady on an Outing for Picking herbs in the New Year
Left: Paper Hina Dolls and a Peach Branch

Famous Places in the Eastern Capital (Toto Meishi)


 
 
 
 

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Sazaido Hall, Gohyaku Rakan Temple


One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
(Meisho Edo Hyakkei)

Though probably most known for his numerous editions of images from the Tokaido, Hiroshige also produced a number of prints and editions of other well known landscape sites. Among them were Famous Places of the Eastern Capital, Famous Places in the Sixty-Odd Provinces, and Thirty-six Views of Mt. Fuji, among others. These few were a modern interpretation of a much earlier tradition in which Chinese artists and poets would paint and write about important locales. As in his Tokaido prints, however Hiroshige imbued these modern views with a sense of a specific contemporary time and place often employing a more western perspective and showing modern day viewers inhabiting the scene.

This series is the largest print series of ukiyo-e, including 118 different prints published over an extended period by Uoei publishing house from 1856 to 1858.   Not all were by Hiroshige, some were done by his pupil Shigenobu (1826-1869) using the name Hiroshige II, after Hiroshige’s death.  In 1856, 37 were published, 71 in 1857, and 10 in 1858.  They were grouped according to season with 42 dedicated to spring, 30 for summer, 26 of autumn and 20 for winter.  In this series there are two types of landscape prints.  The first is enkei or “views from a distance” that have elevated viewpoints, the second type has a single element, such as tree branches, in the foreground with landscapes shown through the element.  This second style creates for the viewer, the feeling of being present in the scene, and depth is developed by juxtaposition with exaggerated liner perspective.  This is an extremely dynamic and unique perspective for ukiyo-e.

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The Plum Garden in Hameido

Kameido was just outside the city of Edo. Its celebrated plum orcharge Kameido Umeyashiki was by they Kameido-tenjin shrine. This particular plum tree the Garyubai “Reclining Dragon” was unusual and famous. In 1880 the tree died after a flood and in its place a plaque was erected to commemorate it. Hiroshige highlights the twisting branches that gave the tree its name by placing them in the foreground of his print, with visitors in the background. In reality, the tree was fenced off only allowing visitors to see it only from a distance. Vincent van Gogh copied this print to study visual devises and compositional juxtaposition.

This print is a very late edition.


Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido
(Tokaido Goju-san Tsugi no Uchi)

As the busiest highway in the 18th and early 19th centuries, the Tokaido offered numerous chances to experience a variety of social classes and day-to-day activities. Numerous images of this highway were created during the Edo period, some in singular views and others in series, the most famous of which are Hiroshige’s numerous editions. The images depicted the commercial activity along the road and famous views seen on the journey.  Hiroshige, in particular, also chose many of the views based on varying times of year and the weather conditions that offered an ever-changing impression of the landscape.  Greatly influenced by his teacher Utagawa Toyoharu, Hiroshige often employed perspective views rather than the more traditional stacked and flattened views of the landscape found in the Kano school of painting. This slightly more western view helps to explain his popularity among 19th century artists in Europe.

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Daybreak at Nihonbashi Bridge- No. 1

Edition: Tsutakichi Tokaido

Though Hiroshige’s most famous series was called “Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido,” most editions actually included fifty-five images as the artist executed both the beginning point of the traditional journey, Nihonbashi bridge in Edo, and the terminus of the highway in Kyoto. Here the famous bridge in the center of Edo is bathed in early morning light, representing both a spiritual and a literal beginning of a long journey.


Famous Places in Kyoto
(Kyoto Meisho no Uchi)

Cherry Trees in Bloom at Arashiyama

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Cherry Trees in Bloom at Arashiyama

Famous Places of Edo
(Edo Meisho no Uchi)

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Blooming Cherry Flowers on the Bank of the Sumida River


Sixty-eight Views of Various Provinces
(Shokoku Rokuju-hakkei)

Kumeji Bridge in Shinano Province- No. 24

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Kumeji Bridge in Shinano Province- No. 24


Pictures of Famous Places at the Fifty-three Stations
(Goju-san Tsugi Meisho Zue)
[Vertical Tokaido Series]

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View of Shinagawa Station from Gotenyama Hill- No. 1


Enumerations of Bridges in Famous Places of Edo

Bridge Nihonbashi

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Bridge Nihonbashi
Nihonbashi was Edo's most famous bridge.

Enumerations of Provinces: Pictures of Miscellaneous Images

Basket-Crossing Over Valley in the Hida Mountains

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Basket-Crossing Over Valley in the Hida Mountains

A New Selection of Famous Places in Edo

Cherry Blossom Viewing at Asukayama Hill

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Cherry Blossom Viewing at Asukayama Hill

Forty-eight Views of Famous Places in Edo
(Edo Meisho Shiju-hakkei)

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Great Fireworks at Ryogoku- No. 22

Many evening activities revolved around the Sumida River when a cool breeze allowed a break from the warm summer days. Food stalls, restaurants and pleasure boats were common attractions, but the most exciting event was Kawabiraki, the opening of the river. Including a great firework display, this occasion began in the eighteenth century and continued until modern times. Here you can see the evening disk bringing out all the viewers on boats as the bright fireworks are in full swing high about the water.